Reported Speech: Rules of transformation
1. Verbs of saying
|
connection
|
example
|
comment
|
|
|
that......
|
He stated that Tom had
gone.
|
|
|
|
whether......
if..... who (Subject)....... what (Subject)..... who,what(Object) ....... where, when, why, whose, how... |
He asked whether,
if
He wanted to know who went home. what went wrong. They inquired him what he would do. |
Questions requiring a
yes- or no- answers
The word order is the same as in a statement. There is no "do" or "did"needed. exploratory questions
The word order is the
same as in a statement.
There is no "do" or "did"needed |
|
|
to + infinitive
|
We told him to go to
bed.
|
No time shift
|
Special Verbs
|
Intention:
|
Example
|
|
Greeting:
|
He welcomed.
|
|
No:
|
He denied. / He
disagreed. /
She contradicted. |
|
Yes:
|
She agreed
|
|
Excuse:
|
She excused
|
|
Thanks:
|
She thanked
|
|
interjections: Oh,
What..
|
She was surprised
|
|
Good-bye:
|
He said good bye
|
|
Direct speech
|
Reported speech
|
|
past
present perfect |
past perfect
|
|
present
|
past tense
|
|
future 1
|
Conditional
|
Form
- In reported speech we usually report what was said at a
different time, and so we change the tense to reflect the time which we
are reporting. We normally "shift back" one tense.
- Direct speech: "I'm not playing football."
Reported later: "He said that he wasn't playing football." - Sometimes we need to change the pronoun.
- Direct speech: Jane: "I don't like living
here." (Jane is referring to herself)
Reported speech: Jane said (that) she didn't like living here. (The pronoun she refers to Jane) - We may also need to change other words about place and
time.
- Direct speech: "I like this car."
Reported speech: He said (that) he liked that car. - Direct speech: "I went to Tokyo last week."
Reported speech: She said (that) she'd been to Tokyo the week before.
- We use reported speech to tell someone what
another person said.
- Jim says to you:
"I don't feel well."
"I can't drive."
"My parents have gone on holiday."
"I'm going out now so you will have to wait until I get back."
"I'll help you."
Later, you tell your friend what Jim said:
Jim said (that) he didn't feel well.
He said (that) he couldn't drive.
He said (that) his parents had gone on holiday.
He said (that) he was going out now so I would have to wait until he got back.
He said that he would help me.
Additional
points
- If we report something which is still true, it is not
necessary to change the verb.
- Direct speech: "My car is bigger than
yours."
Reported speech: He said his car is / was bigger than mine. - When we are reporting past tenses and we see the events
from the same viewpoint as the original speaker, it is not necessary to
change the tense.
- Direct speech: "The earthquake happened at
half past seven."
Reported speech: The radio said that the earthquake happened at half past seven. - Modal verbs could, might, would, should, ought, had
better usually do not change in reported speech.
- Direct speech: "I should go to the dentist."
Reported speech: He said that he should go to the dentist.
- If we use that in reported speech, we pronounce
the weak form:
- I said that he'd do it: /ðət/
Direct and indirect speech: grammar rules with examples
Statements
If we want to say what other people said, thought or felt, we can use the direct and indirect speech (reported speech).The direct speech: "I like it," he said. "Irene is late," he thought. "I will pass the exam," she hoped.
The reported speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam.
The reported speech is typically introduced by verbs such as say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse etc. in the past tense.
He said (that) he didn't want it.
She explained that she had been at the seaside.
If these verbs are in the past tense, we change the following:
a) verb tenses and verb forms
b) pronouns
c) the adverbs of time and place
A) Verb tenses
We change the tenses in the following way:- Present - past
"I never understand you," she told me. - She told me she never understood me.
"We are doing exercises," he explained. - He explained that they were doing exercises. - Present perfect - past perfect
"I have broken the window," he admitted. - He admitted that he had broken the window.
"I have been waiting since the morning," he complained. - He complained that he had been waiting since the morning. - Past - past perfect
"She went to Rome," I thought. - I thought that she had gone to Rome.
"He was thinking of buying a new car," she said. - She said he had been thinking of buying a new car. - Will - conditional
Will changes into the conditional.
I will come on Sunday," he reminded me. - He reminded me that he would come on Sunday.
I shall, we shall usually become would.
"I shall appreciate it," he said. - He said he would appreciate it.
I should, we should usually change into would.
"We should be really glad," she told us. - She told us they would be really glad.
May becomes might.
"I may write to him," she promised. - She promised that she might write to him.
The verb forms remain the same the following cases.
- If the
reporting verb is in the present tense.
Bill: "I am enjoying my holiday." - Bill says he is enjoying his holiday.
Sandy: "I will never go to work." - Sandy says she will never go to work. - When we
report something that is still true.
Dan: "Asia is the largest continent." - Dan said Asia is the largest continent.
Emma: "People in Africa are starving." - Emma said people in Africa are starving. - When a
sentence is made and reported at the same time and the fact is still true.
Michael: "I am thirsty." - Michael said he is thirsty. - With modal
verbs would, might, could, should, ought to,
used to.
George: "I would try it." - George said he would try it.
Mimi: "I might come." - Mimi said she might come.
Steve: "I could fail." - Steve said he could fail.
Linda: "He should/ought to stay in bed." - Linda said he should/ought to stay in bed.
Mel: "I used to have a car." - Mel said he used to have a car. - After wish, would rather, had better, it is time.
Margo: "I wish they were in Greece." - Margo said she wished they were in Greece.
Matt: "I would rather fly." - Matt said he would rather fly.
Betty: "They had better go." - Betty said they had better go.
Paul: "It is time I got up." - Paul said it was time he got up. - In
if-clauses.
Martha: "If I tidied my room, my dad would be happy." - Martha said that if she tidied her room, her dad would be happy. - In
time-clauses.
Joe: "When I was staying in Madrid I met my best friend." - He said that when he was staying in Madrid he met his best friend. - We do not
change the past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the situation
when the action happened.
"She did it on Sunday," I said. - I said she did it on Sunday.
We must change it, however, in the following sentence, otherwise it will not be clear whether we are talking about the present or past feelings.
"I hated her," he said. - He said he had hated her. - We do not
usually change the modal verbs must and
needn't. But must can become had to
or would have to and needn't can become didn't
have to or wouldn't have
to if we want to express an obligation.
Would/wouldn't have to are used to talk about future obligations.
"I must wash up." - He said he must wash up/he had to wash up.
"I needn't be at school today." - He said he needn't be/didn't have to be at school that day.
"We must do it in June." - He said they would have to do it in June.
If the modal verb must does not express obligation, we do not change it.
"We must relax for a while." (suggestion) - He said they must relax for a while.
"You must be tired after such a trip." (certainty) - He said we must be tired after such a trip.
B) Pronouns
We have to change the pronouns to keep the same meaning of a sentence."We are the best students," he said. - He said they were the best students.
"They called us," he said. - He said they had called them.
"I like your jeans," she said. - She said she liked my jeans.
"I can lend you my car," he said. - He said he could lend me his car.
Sometimes we have to use a noun instead of a pronoun, otherwise the new sentence is confusing.
"He killed them," Kevin said. - Kevin said that the man had killed them.
If we only make mechanical changes (Kevin said he had killed them), the new sentence can have a different meaning - Kevin himself killed them.
This and these are usually substituted.
"They will finish it this year," he said. - He said they would finish it that year.
"I brought you this book," she said. - She said she had brought me the book.
"We want these flowers," they said. - They said they wanted the flowers.
C) Time and place
Let's suppose that we talked to our friend Mary on Friday. And she said: "Greg came yesterday." It means that Greg came on Thursday. If we report Mary's sentence on Sunday, we have to do the following:Mary: "Greg came yesterday." - Mary said that Greg had come the day before.
If we say: Mary said Greg had come yesterday, it is not correct, because it means that he came on Saturday.
The time expressions change as follows.
today - that day, tomorrow - the next day/the following day, the day after tomorrow - in two days' time, yesterday - the day before, the day before yesterday - two days before, next week/month - the following week/month, last week/month - the previous week/month, a year ago - a year before/the previous year
Bill: "She will leave tomorrow." - Bill said she would leave the next day.
Sam: "She arrived last week." - Sam said she had arrived the previous week.
Julie: "He moved a year ago." - Julie said he had moved a year before.
Note
If something is said and reported at the same time, the time expressions can remain the same.
"I will go on holiday tomorrow," he told me today. - He told me today he would go on holiday tomorrow.
"We painted the hall last weekend," she told me this week. - She told me this week they had painted the hall last weekend.
On the other hand, if something is reported later, the time expressions are different in the reported speech.
Last week Jim said: "I'm playing next week."
If we say his sentence a week later, we will say:
Jim said he was playing this week.
Here usually becomes there. But sometimes we make different adjustments.
At school: "I'll be here at 10 o'clock," he said. - He said he would be there at 10 o'clock.
In Baker Street: "We'll meet here." - He said they would meet in Baker Street.
Questions
Questions become statements. The reporting verb say changes into ask, want to know, wonder..."Where have you been?" he said. - He asked me where I had been.
"What time did it start?" he said. - He wanted to know what time it had started.
"Why won't he do it?" she said. - She wondered why he wouldn't do it.
In yes/no questions we use if or whether in questions. If is more common and whether is more formal.
"Will you come?" she asked me. - She asked me if/whether I would come.
"Did he marry Sue?" she said. - She wondered if/whether he had married Sue.
Commands, requests and advice
The commands, requests and advice mostly have the same form in English: verb + object + infinitive (advise, ask, beg, forbid, order, persuade, recommend, tell, urge, warn etc.).Unlike the direct speech the person addressed must be mentioned in the indirect speech.
"Get up!" he said. - He told me to get up.
"Please, revise for the test," he said. - He urged me to revise for the test.
"Put on your coat," I said. - I advised him to put on his coat.
Negative commands, requests and advice are made by verb + object + not + infinitive.
"Don't hesitate," he said. - He persuaded me not to hesitate.
"Don't smoke," the doctor warned my father. - The doctor warned my father not to smoke.
Tell can introduce statements, commands, requests or advice. The form is different, however.
Statements with tell
"I'm leaving," he told me. - He told me that he was leaving.
Commands, requests or advice with tell
"Leave the room," he told John. - He told John to leave the room.
"Don't give up," the teacher told her students. - The teacher told the students not to give up.
Similarly ask is used in reported questions, commands, requests or advice in different forms.
Questions with ask
"Will you make coffee?" he said. - He asked me if I would make coffee.
Commands, requests or advice with ask
"Make coffee, please," he said. - He asked me to make coffee.
"Don't park in my place," Greg told me. - Greg asked me not to park in his place.
Our tip
- Do some direct and indirect (reported) speech exercises
to practise the use of these forms.
See also
E-grammar rules where you will find printable grammar rules on the direct and
indirect Reported
Speech
Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct
Speech | Indirect
Speech
Tense
Change | Time
Change | Pronoun
Change
Reporting
Verbs | Use of
'That'
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In
order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported
speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech
(sometimes called quoted speech)Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.
For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use
quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word
for word.When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
"I'm
going to the cinema", he said.
|
He said
he was going to the cinema.
|
Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a
tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): |
Direct
speech
|
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
Present
simple She said, "It's cold." |
›
|
Past simple
She said it was cold. |
|
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." |
›
|
Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online. |
|
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." |
›
|
Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999. |
|
Present perfect
continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." |
›
|
Past perfect
continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years. |
|
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." |
›
|
Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday. |
|
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." |
›
|
Past perfect
continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier. |
|
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." |
›
|
Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. |
|
Past perfect
continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." |
›
|
Past perfect
continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes. |
|
Direct
speech
|
|
Indirect
speech
|
|
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." |
›
|
would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow. |
|
can She said, "I can teach English online." |
›
|
could
She said she could teach English online. |
|
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." |
›
|
had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. |
|
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" |
›
|
should
She asked what we should learn today. |
|
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" |
›
|
might
She asked if she might open a new browser. |
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
"I
might go to the cinema", he said.
|
He said
he might go to the cinema.
|
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
"My
name is Lynne", she said.
|
She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne. |
|
Direct speech (exact quote)
|
Indirect speech (not exact)
|
|
"Next
week's lesson is on reported speech",
she said.
|
She said next week's lesson will be on reported speech. |
Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must
change it to fit in with the time of reporting. For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
|
Now
|
+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
|
|
"Today's
lesson is on presentations."
|
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations. or She said yesterday's lesson would be on presentations. |
|
Expressions
of time if reported on a different day
|
||
|
this (evening)
|
›
|
that (evening)
|
|
today
|
›
|
yesterday ...
|
|
these (days)
|
›
|
those (days)
|
|
now
|
›
|
then
|
|
(a week) ago
|
›
|
(a week) before
|
|
last weekend
|
›
|
the weekend before last / the
previous weekend
|
|
here
|
›
|
there
|
|
next (week)
|
›
|
the following (week)
|
|
tomorrow
|
›
|
the next/following day
|
For example:-
|
At work
|
At home
|
|
"How
long have you worked here?"
|
She
asked me how long I'd worked there.
|
Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.For example:
|
Me
|
You
|
|
"I teach
English online." |
Direct Speech She said, "I teach English online." "I teach English online", she said. Reported Speech She said she teaches English online. or She said she taught English online. |
Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are
the most common verbs used in indirect speech. We use asked to report questions:-
For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use told with an object.
For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.
!Note - Here me is the object.
We usually use said without an object.
For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If said is used with an object we must include to ;
For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.
!Note - We usually use told.
For example: Lynne told me (that) she'd never been to China.
There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.
These include:-
|
accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised,
begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,
ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.
|
For example:
He asked me to come to the party:-
|
He
invited me to the party.
|
|
He
begged me to come to the party.
|
|
He
ordered me to come to the party.
|
|
He
advised me to come to the party.
|
|
He
suggested I should come to the party.
|
Use of 'That' in reported speech
In reported speech, the word that is
often used.For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.
However, that is optional.
For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.
!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.
For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.
The sneaky comma
I'm British, so I only tend to place the comma inside quotation
marks when it's part of the sentence being quoted. "I didn't notice that the comma was inside the quotation marks," Lynne said, "but Hekner did."
That said, I read so much American literature, that even I tuck them away sometimes.
Really, no one has set in stone what the rules of the English language are. It's a diverse language, and the rules that exist have arisen through usage, and they can change in exactly the same way, so maybe it doesn't matter, but it's best to be consistent. (Thanks Hekner.)
How to Use 'Say' and 'Tell'
Direct speech:
- John: "I'll be late".
Reported speech:
- John said
(that) he would be late.
OR
- John told
me (that) he was going to be late.
With 'say' we CAN'T use the object (e.g. 'me', 'them', 'us').
So we CAN'T say:
- “
John said me that he would be late.” - “
John told that he would be late.”
- Julie said that she'd come to
the party.
- I said
I was going to bed early.
- He told
me that he loved living in London.
- They told
John they would arrived at six.
(We can also use
'tell' in reported orders. In this case, 'tell' is followed by a direct object
and 'to + infinitive': 'She told me to sit down'. You can learn more about this
here).
Reported Speech
(Indirect Speech)
If we report what another person has said,
we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported
(indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech
into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether
you want to transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check
whether you have to change:
§ pronouns
§ present
tense verbs (3rd person singular)
§ place
and time expressions
§ tenses
(backshift)
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
direct speech
|
“I speak English.”
|
|
reported speech
(no backshift) |
He says that he speaks English.
|
|
reported speech
(backshift) |
He said that he spoke English.
|
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether
you have to change:
§ pronouns
§ present
tense verbs (3rd person singular)
§ place
and time expressions
§ tenses
(backshift)
Also note that you have to:
§ transform
the question into an indirect question
§ use
the interrogative or if / whether
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
|
with interrogative
|
direct speech
|
“Why don’t you speak English?”
|
|
reported speech
|
He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
|
|
|
without interrogative
|
direct speech
|
“Do you speak English?”
|
|
reported speech
|
He asked me whether / if I spoke English.
|
|
Requests
When transforming questions, check whether
you have to change:
§ pronouns
§ place
and time expressions
|
Type
|
Example
|
|
direct speech
|
“Carol, speak English.“
|
|
reported speech
|
He told Carol to speak English.
|
Reported Speech
ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi
kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya
perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan
waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke
sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa
yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (“) dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (“).
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (“) dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (“).
- He said, “I have a present for you in my
bag.”
- He asked me, “why do you come late.”
Sedangkan Reported Speech
adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.
- He said, “I have a present for you in my
bag.”
- He asked me, “why do you come late.”
Untuk itu, pada artikel
ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect
speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1.
Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat
pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat
tanda petik (“). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk
membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat
direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik
tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata “that” atau “to” (untuk
kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag.“
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, “why do you come late.“
|
He
asked me why I came late.
|
|
03
|
He
orderd me, “don’t bring a bag.“
|
He
ordered me to didn’t bring a bag.
|
Perubahan struktur
kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka
akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan
kalimat tanya “yes-no question” maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether.
Contohnya:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
They
asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?”
|
They
asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, “Does she want to mary me?”
|
He
asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
|
Untuk kalimat
direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere,
How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
asked me, “why do you come late?”
|
He
asked me why you came late.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, “what does she eat?”
|
He
asked me what she ate.
|
|
03
|
He
asked me, “when did you come?”
|
He
asked me when I came.
|
|
04
|
He
asked me, “who are you?”
|
He
asked me who I was.
|
|
05
|
He
asked me, “who is she?”
|
He
asked me who she was.
|
2.
Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan
dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang
digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu,
penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel
Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Simple
Present
|
Simple
Past
|
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
|
03
|
Present
Future
|
Past
Future
|
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past
Perfect
|
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
|
06
|
Simple
Past
|
Past
Perfect
|
|
07
|
Past
Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
Atau bisa lebih
dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
V1
(eat)
|
V2
(ate)
|
|
02
|
V2
(ate)
|
Had
+ V3 (had eaten)
|
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
|
05
|
Do/does
not
|
Did
not
|
|
06
|
Did
not
|
Had
not + V3
|
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had
been
|
|
08
|
Am/is/are
+ V-ing
|
Was/were
+ V-ing
|
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had
been + V-ing
|
|
10
|
Has/have
+ V3
|
Had
+ V3
|
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
|
|
3.
Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan
possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech
(kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect
speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We)
pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek
yang ada di reproted speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am busy.’
|
He said that he was busy.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
|
She said that she was unwell.
|
|
03
|
I said, ‘I will be late.’
|
I said that I would be late.
|
|
04
|
They said, ‘We will not permit this.’
|
They said that they would not
permit that.
|
|
05
|
We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said that we needed to buy
some clothes.
|
- Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting
speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
|
He
told me that I had to go with him.
|
|
02
|
She
said to me, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told me that I could go.
|
|
03
|
She
said to him, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told him that he could go.
|
- Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they)
pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect
speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He
said that she was a good girl.
|
|
02
|
She
said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She
said that they had invited them.
|
|
03
|
They
said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
|
They
said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
|
4.
Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
02
|
To
day
|
That
day
|
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The
next day
The day after The following day A day later |
|
04
|
Next
…
|
The
… after
The following … |
|
05
|
Last
…
|
The
… before
The Previous … |
|
06
|
…
ago
|
…
before
… earlier |
|
07
|
Yesterday
|
The
day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
|
08
|
The
day before yesterday
|
Two
day before
|
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
|
(+)
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag.here”
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
|
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present
for you in my bag”
|
He
said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
|
|
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for
you in my bag?”
|
He asked me if/whether he had a
present for me in his bag.
|
|
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to
have a present for you in my bag?
|
He
asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
|
(!)
|
He
ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He
ordered me not to bring my bag there.
|
SOAL REPORTED SPEECH
1. The woman
says to him: “you play the piano well.”
The girl says to him that ………….
A. you play the piano well.
B. he play the piano well
C. he plays the piano well
D. he played the piano well
E. you played the piano well
The girl says to him that ………….
A. you play the piano well.
B. he play the piano well
C. he plays the piano well
D. he played the piano well
E. you played the piano well
2. “Did he
leave a message for me?”
“yes, he said………. tonight”.
A. he called you
B. he would call him
C. you called her
D. he would call you
E. I would call you
“yes, he said………. tonight”.
A. he called you
B. he would call him
C. you called her
D. he would call you
E. I would call you
3. “You mustn’t
forget what I told you.”
She told me ………..
A. that I hadn’t to forget what she had told me
B. that I didn’t have to forget what I had told her.
C. that I mustn’t have forgotten what I told you.
D. that I didn’t have to forget what she had told me
E. that I was not to forget what she had told me.sing so loudly
She told me ………..
A. that I hadn’t to forget what she had told me
B. that I didn’t have to forget what I had told her.
C. that I mustn’t have forgotten what I told you.
D. that I didn’t have to forget what she had told me
E. that I was not to forget what she had told me.sing so loudly
4. Tony said to
me: “Why does she sing so loudly?”
A. Tony said to me why does she sing so loudly
B. Tony asked me why did she sing so loudly.
C. Tony asked why does she sing so loudly
D. Tony asked me why she sang so loudly
E. Tony asked me why she did sing so loudly
A. Tony said to me why does she sing so loudly
B. Tony asked me why did she sing so loudly.
C. Tony asked why does she sing so loudly
D. Tony asked me why she sang so loudly
E. Tony asked me why she did sing so loudly
5. “How many
pieces of bread can you eat?” She said
A. She said how many pieces of bread I can eat
B. She wanted to know how many pieces of bread you cculd eat
C. She asked how could I eat a lot of bread
D. She asked how many pieces of bread I could eat
E. She asked me how many pieces of bread I can eat
A. She said how many pieces of bread I can eat
B. She wanted to know how many pieces of bread you cculd eat
C. She asked how could I eat a lot of bread
D. She asked how many pieces of bread I could eat
E. She asked me how many pieces of bread I can eat
6) Richard:”I
am going to ride a skateboard.”
Richard said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
Richard said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
7) Stephen and
Claire:”We have cleaned the windows.”
Stephen and Claire told me that they had cleaned the windows.
Stephen and Claire told me that they had cleaned the windows.
8) Charles:”I
didn’t have time to do my homework.”
Charles remarked that he hadn’t had time to do his homework.
Charles remarked that he hadn’t had time to do his homework.
9) Mrs Jones:”My
mother will be 50 years old.”
Mrs Jones told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
Mrs Jones told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
10) Jean:”The
boss must sign the letter.”
Jean said that the boss had to sign the letter.
Jean said that the boss had to sign the letter.
Reported speech
We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say,
think or believe.
·
He says he wants it.
·
We think you are right.
·
I believe he loves her.
·
Yesterday you said you didn't like it
but now you do!
·
She told me he had asked her to marry
him.
·
I told you she was ill.
·
We thought he was in Australia.
When we are reporting things in the present, future or present
perfect we don't change the tense.
·
He thinks he loves her.
·
I'll tell her you are coming.
·
He has said he'll do it.
When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we
generally make the tense 'more in the past'.
·
You look very nice. = I told him he
looked very nice.
·
He's working in Siberia now. = She told
me he was working in Siberia now.
·
Polly has bought a new car. = She said
Polly had bought a new car.
·
Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said
Jo couldn't come for the weekend.
·
Paul called and left a message. = He
told me Paul had called and had left me a message.
·
I'll give you a hand. = He said he
would give me a hand.
However, when we are reporting something that was said in the
past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the
past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:
"The
train doesn't stop here."
·
He said the train doesn't stop here.
·
He said the train didn't stop here.
"I
like Sarah."
·
She said she likes Sarah.
·
She said she liked Sarah.
When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change
other words in the sentence.
We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone
else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said
"I don't want to go."
·
I said I didn't want to go.
·
Bill said he didn't want to go.
We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are
reporting what was said in a different place or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll
be there at ten Reported speech 1
Reported speech (1)
When we report someone’s words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with quotation marks (“I work in a bank”), or we can use reported speech (He said he worked in a bank.)In reported speech the tenses, word-order and pronouns may be different from those in the original sentence.
Present simple and present continuous tenses
- Direct speech: “I travel a lot in my job” Reported speech: He said that he travelled a lot in his job.
- Direct speech: “Be quiet. The baby’s sleeping.” Reported speech: She told me to be quiet because the baby was sleeping.
NB:
- “I work in Italy” Reported speech: He told me that he works in Italy.
Past simple and past continuous tenses
- Direct speech: “We lived in China for 5 years.” Reported speech: She told me they had lived in China for 5 years.
- Direct speech: “I was walking down the road when I saw the accident.” Reported speech: He told me he’d been walking down the road when he’d seen the accident.
Perfect tenses
- Direct speech: “They’ve always been very kind to me”. Reported speech: She said they’d always been very kind to her.
- Direct speech: “They had already eaten when I arrived” Reported speech: He said they’d already eaten when he’d arrived.
·
(If it is later the same day) He said he
would be there at ten tomorrow.
·
(If it is the next day) He said he
would be there at ten today.
Now compare these two sentences.
·
(If we are in a different place) He
said he would be there tomorrow at ten.
TEFL
What Is TEFL?
The acronym "TEFL" stands for "Teaching English as a Foreign Language".When people say "TEFL", they are generally referring to a world of teaching, where the students are not native speakers of English, and where the teachers may or may not be native speakers of English.
TEFL exists in practically every country worldwide because the demand for learning English has never been higher. TEFL exists in countries where English is not the first language (for example Brazil, China, France) as well as in countries where English is the first language (for example Australia, Canada, United Kingdom).
Note that TEFL refers to the teaching of English, not its learning. It therefore concentrates more on teachers or those wishing to teach rather than on learners. (Of course, teachers have to know a lot about learning, but that is another matter.)
The range of situations where people are teaching English as a foreign language is very broad. Easily the greatest number of TEFL teachers worldwide are indigenous teachers working in local primary and secondary schools (for example, a Brazilian teacher of English teaching English to Brazilian schoolchildren in their local school). This is due to the sheer population numbers involved and the fact that so many schoolchildren worldwide learn at least some English at school. However, beyond that there is still a vast range of TEFL situations, including:
- private language schools
- corporate training departments
- kindergartens
- universities
- government-sponsored programmes
- private/freelance teaching
- summer camps and charity organizations
TEFL teachers fall into two loose groups:
- indigenous teachers of English teaching to schoolchildren of their own nationality
- native speakers of English with (and sometimes without) English teaching qualifications, who either teach in their own country or travel abroad and teach in foreign countries
There are a
few other acronyms with a similar meaning to TEFL, specifically: TESL (Teaching
English as a Second Language) and TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other
Languages).
·
here at ten tomorrow.
Reported Speech
ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi
kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya
perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan
waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan
tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang
dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (“) dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (“).
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (“) dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (“).
- He said, “I have a present for you in my
bag.”
- He asked me, “why do you come late.”
Sedangkan Reported Speech
adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.
- He said, “I have a present for you in my
bag.”
- He asked me, “why do you come late.”
Untuk itu, pada artikel
ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect
speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1.
Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat
pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat
tanda petik (“). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk
membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat
direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik
tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata “that” atau “to” (untuk
kalimat perintah). Misalnya:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag.“
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, “why do you come late.“
|
He
asked me why I came late.
|
|
03
|
He
orderd me, “don’t bring a bag.“
|
He
ordered me to didn’t bring a bag.
|
Perubahan struktur
kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka
akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan
kalimat tanya “yes-no question” maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether.
Contohnya:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
They
asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?”
|
They
asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, “Does she want to mary me?”
|
He
asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
|
Untuk kalimat
direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere,
How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
asked me, “why do you come late?”
|
He
asked me why you came late.
|
|
02
|
He
asked me, “what does she eat?”
|
He
asked me what she ate.
|
|
03
|
He
asked me, “when did you come?”
|
He
asked me when I came.
|
|
04
|
He
asked me, “who are you?”
|
He
asked me who I was.
|
|
05
|
He
asked me, “who is she?”
|
He
asked me who she was.
|
2.
Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan
dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang
digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu,
penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel
Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Simple
Present
|
Simple
Past
|
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
|
03
|
Present
Future
|
Past
Future
|
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past
Perfect
|
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
|
06
|
Simple
Past
|
Past
Perfect
|
|
07
|
Past
Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
Atau bisa lebih
dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
V1
(eat)
|
V2
(ate)
|
|
02
|
V2
(ate)
|
Had
+ V3 (had eaten)
|
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
|
05
|
Do/does
not
|
Did
not
|
|
06
|
Did
not
|
Had
not + V3
|
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had
been
|
|
08
|
Am/is/are
+ V-ing
|
Was/were
+ V-ing
|
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had
been + V-ing
|
|
10
|
Has/have
+ V3
|
Had
+ V3
|
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
|
|
3.
Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan
possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech
(kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect
speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We)
pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek
yang ada di reproted speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am busy.’
|
He said that he was busy.
|
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am unwell.’
|
She said that she was unwell.
|
|
03
|
I said, ‘I will be late.’
|
I said that I would be late.
|
|
04
|
They said, ‘We will not permit this.’
|
They said that they would not
permit that.
|
|
05
|
We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said that we needed to buy
some clothes.
|
- Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting
speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
|
He
told me that I had to go with him.
|
|
02
|
She
said to me, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told me that I could go.
|
|
03
|
She
said to him, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told him that he could go.
|
- Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they)
pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect
speech.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
He
said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He
said that she was a good girl.
|
|
02
|
She
said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She
said that they had invited them.
|
|
03
|
They
said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
|
They
said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
|
4.
Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam
perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya
adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat).
Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
|
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
02
|
To
day
|
That
day
|
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The
next day
The day after The following day A day later |
|
04
|
Next
…
|
The
… after
The following … |
|
05
|
Last
…
|
The
… before
The Previous … |
|
06
|
…
ago
|
…
before
… earlier |
|
07
|
Yesterday
|
The
day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
|
08
|
The
day before yesterday
|
Two
day before
|
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Di bawah ini adalah
contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai
penjelasan di atas.
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
|
(+)
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag.here”
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
|
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present
for you in my bag”
|
He
said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
|
|
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for
you in my bag?”
|
He asked me if/whether he had a
present for me in his bag.
|
|
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to
have a present for you in my bag?
|
He
asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
SOAL REPORTED SPEECH
1. The woman
says to him: “you play the piano well.”
The girl says to him that ………….
A. you play the piano well.
B. he play the piano well
C. he plays the piano well
D. he played the piano well
E. you played the piano well
The girl says to him that ………….
A. you play the piano well.
B. he play the piano well
C. he plays the piano well
D. he played the piano well
E. you played the piano well
2. “Did he
leave a message for me?”
“yes, he said………. tonight”.
A. he called you
B. he would call him
C. you called her
D. he would call you
E. I would call you
“yes, he said………. tonight”.
A. he called you
B. he would call him
C. you called her
D. he would call you
E. I would call you
3. “You mustn’t
forget what I told you.”
She told me ………..
A. that I hadn’t to forget what she had told me
B. that I didn’t have to forget what I had told her.
C. that I mustn’t have forgotten what I told you.
D. that I didn’t have to forget what she had told me
E. that I was not to forget what she had told me.sing so loudly
She told me ………..
A. that I hadn’t to forget what she had told me
B. that I didn’t have to forget what I had told her.
C. that I mustn’t have forgotten what I told you.
D. that I didn’t have to forget what she had told me
E. that I was not to forget what she had told me.sing so loudly
4. Tony said to
me: “Why does she sing so loudly?”
A. Tony said to me why does she sing so loudly
B. Tony asked me why did she sing so loudly.
C. Tony asked why does she sing so loudly
D. Tony asked me why she sang so loudly
E. Tony asked me why she did sing so loudly
A. Tony said to me why does she sing so loudly
B. Tony asked me why did she sing so loudly.
C. Tony asked why does she sing so loudly
D. Tony asked me why she sang so loudly
E. Tony asked me why she did sing so loudly
5. “How many
pieces of bread can you eat?” She said
A. She said how many pieces of bread I can eat
B. She wanted to know how many pieces of bread you cculd eat
C. She asked how could I eat a lot of bread
D. She asked how many pieces of bread I could eat
E. She asked me how many pieces of bread I can eat
A. She said how many pieces of bread I can eat
B. She wanted to know how many pieces of bread you cculd eat
C. She asked how could I eat a lot of bread
D. She asked how many pieces of bread I could eat
E. She asked me how many pieces of bread I can eat
6) Richard:”I
am going to ride a skateboard.”
Richard said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
Richard said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard.
7) Stephen and
Claire:”We have cleaned the windows.”
Stephen and Claire told me that they had cleaned the windows.
Stephen and Claire told me that they had cleaned the windows.
8) Charles:”I didn’t
have time to do my homework.”
Charles remarked that he hadn’t had time to do his homework.
Charles remarked that he hadn’t had time to do his homework.
9) Mrs
Jones:”My mother will be 50 years old.”
Mrs Jones told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
Mrs Jones told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
10) Jean:”The
boss must sign the letter.”
Jean said that the boss had to sign the letter.
Jean said that the boss had to sign the letter.
A. Imperative
1. “Eat more fruit and vegetable”, said the doctor.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. “Read the instructor before you switch on the machine”, he said to me.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. “Shut the door but don’t lock it” she said to us.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. “Don’t come before 6 o’clock”, I said to him.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. “Don’t wait for me if I’m late”, she said.
B. Declarative
Billie says:
1. ‘I am thinking of going to live in Semarang’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ‘My father is in hospital’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ‘Joe and Jane are getting married next month’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ‘I have not seen John for a while’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ‘Margaret has had a baby’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘I don’t know what is Fred doing’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘I hardly ever go out these days’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. ‘I work 14 hours a day’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. ‘I’ll tell May that I saw you’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. ‘You can come and stay with me if you are ever to Semarang’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. ‘I have been playing tennis recently’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. ‘Tom had an accident last week but he wasn’t injured’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. ‘I saw Jack at the party a month ago and he seemed fine’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
C. Interrogative
1. ‘Do you love me?’ Ethan asked me.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ‘Will you tell me than you need me?’ Putra asked Petri.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ‘Are you all right?’ Ethan wondered.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Susie asked me: ‘Why do you want me to tell it to him?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Mr. Joe asked the students: ‘How can you do it in a short time?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘What is your name?’ he asked me.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘May I borrow your pen?’ Petri asked me.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. ‘What time will you pick me up?’ Ann asked me.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. ‘Is he a student?’ Putra inquired.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. ‘Have you told him what I said to you?’ I asked Petri.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
D. Imperative
1. ‘Lend me your umbrella’, Reni asked me.
............................................................................................................................................
2. ‘Spend your time wisely’, the old man told his children.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ‘Don’t blame your mistake on other’, I told him.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ‘Don’t be lazy’, the teacher ordered his students.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ‘Put your hands up’, the robber commanded his victim.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘Fasten your seat belt’, the stewardess told the passengers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘Don’t interrupt me’, the old man told the grandson.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. ‘Don’t break the school rules’, the teacher asked the students.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. ‘Do your assignments’, he asked his son.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. ‘Be quiet’, the librarian asked the students.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
E. Declarative
1. Betty: ‘I have been working for an hour’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. She says: ‘My father wants to see you’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Yana says to her friends: ‘My mother has bought me a doll’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Pamela: ‘You are my best friend, Anna’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Toni said to me: ‘Reni was reading a book when I called her’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Marisa: ‘ Albert borrow my bike’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Toni: ‘Reni’s brother has come to see me’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He says to the children: ‘I’ll give you a ball’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Mr. Dido says to his wife: ‘We are living for Yogyakarta tomorrow’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. The students: ‘We have done our exercises’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
F. Interrogative
1. I ask my friend: ‘Can you help me with the work?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Tata wonders: ‘Is my brother in the kitchen?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Mr. Lumen asks his wife: ‘Is there any food in the cupboard?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. They asked themselves” ‘May we enter the hall?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Lion asked her brother: ‘Did you send the letter by airmail?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Tono asked his daughter: ‘Has your brother arrived?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Rudi asked me: ‘Could Dewi hear what we were talking?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Mr. Joe wanted to know: ‘Have the children eaten their breakfast?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The teacher asked: ‘Are the boys here?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Tina asked Maman: ‘Do you know the girl’s name?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. ‘Was the party success?’ Umar asked me
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. ‘Has Diane given the message?’ my brother wanted to know
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. ‘Would you like me to post the letter?’ Tanti asked Dewi
……………………………………………………………………………………………
14. ‘Can you finish the work?’ father asked me
……………………………………………………………………………………………
15. ‘Am I wrong?’ Dewi asked Danang
……………………………………………………………………………………………
16. ‘Does Mr. Black live on Sesame Street?’ the man wondered
……………………………………………………………………………………………
17. “Was the test difficult?’ the students would like to know
……………………………………………………………………………………………
18. ‘Has the man mended the roof?’ Mr. Joe asked his son
……………………………………………………………………………………………
19. ‘Is this dress Dewi’s?’ Andi asked
……………………………………………………………………………………………
20. ‘May I use your computer?’ Tono asked Dewi
……………………………………………………………………………………………
G. Imperative – Interrogative
· Don’t wait for me if I am late
· Can you open your bag, please?
· Please slow down!
· Don’t worry, Sue
· Will you marry me?
· Mind your own business
· Could you repeat what you said, please?
· Do you think you could give me a hand, Tom?
· Hurry up!
1. Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I…………………………………………….
2. Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked……………………………………………………
3. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I told……………………………………...
4. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I ……………………………………………………
5. The customs officer looked at me suspiciously and……………………………………...
6. I had difficulty understanding him, so I …………………………………………………
7. I didn’t want to delay Ann, so I ………………………………………………………….
8. John was very much in love with Jane, so he…………………………………………….
9. He started asking me personal questions, so……………………………………………..
H. Declarative
Begin with ‘I thought you said………………’
1. A: That restaurant is expensive.
B: Is it? I thought you said……………………………………………………………….
2. A: Ann is coming to the party tonight.
B: Is she? ………………………………………………………………………………...
3. A: Ann likes Paul.
B: Does she? ……………………………………………………………………………..
4. A: I know lots of people.
B: Do you? ………………………………………………………………………………
5. A: I’ll be here next week.
B: Will you? .........................................................................................................
6. A: I am going out this evening.
B: Are you? ……………………………………………………………………………..
7. A: I can speak a little French.
B: Can you? ……………………………………………………………………………...
8. A: I haven’t been to cinema for ages.
B: Haven’t you? …………………………………………………………………………
I. Interrogative
Begin with ‘He / She asked me……………………………’
1. ‘What time is it?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ‘What is your name?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ‘Can you speak Arabic?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ‘Have you met my brother?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ‘Where are you living?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘Will you be here tomorrow?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘What kind of camera do you have?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. ‘How tall are you?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. ‘What courses are you taking?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. ‘Do you feel okay?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. ‘Have you read any good news?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. ‘How do you like living here?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. ‘Did you finish your assignment?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
14. ‘What are you doing?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
15. ‘Whose briefcase is this?’
…………………………………..………………………………………………………..
16. ‘May I borrow your dictionary?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
17. ‘Where will you be tomorrow?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
18. ‘Did you go to class yesterday?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
19. ‘What are you going to do during vacation?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
20. ‘What is the capital city of your country?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
J. Declarative – Interrogative
1. Bob said, ‘I will help you’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ‘Do you need a pen?’ Annie asked
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Jennifer asked, ‘What do you want?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Sid asked, ‘Are you hungry?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ‘I want a sandwich’, Jennifer said
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘I’m going to move to Yogyakarta’ said Bram.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘Did you enjoy your trip?’ asked Connie
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Dick asked, ‘What are you talking about?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Nancy asked, ‘Have you seen my grammar book?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Susan said, ‘I don’t want to go’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Sam asked, ‘Where is Amanda?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. ‘Can you come to my party?’ asked David
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. ‘I may be late’ said Mike
……………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Felix said, ‘You should study harder’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Barbara said, ‘I have to go to downtown’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
16. ‘Why is the sky blue?’ my daughter asked.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
17. My mother asked, ‘Why are you tired?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
18. ‘I will come to the meeting’ said Juan
……………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Ms. Adam asked, ‘Will you be in class tomorrow?’
……………………………………………………………………………………………
20. ‘The sun rises in the east’ said Mr. Clark
……………………………………………………………………………………………
1. ‘Have you ever met Ms. Powell?’ Mr. Peterson asked me ……………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ‘I’m going to postpone the examination’ Prof. William announce………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ‘Someday we’ll be in contact with beings from outer space’. The scientist predicted…..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ‘I think I’ll go to the library to study’ Joe said…………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ‘Is there anything I can do to help you?’ Sally wanted to know…………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ‘Does Jim know what he is doing?’ I wondered…………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. ‘Is what I’ve heard true?’ Marta wanted to know………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. ‘Is what I wrote correct?’ I wondered……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. ‘I need to go to the market before it closes’ Jane suddenly remembered………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. ‘Sentences with noun clauses are a little complicated’ Elsa thought…………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
|
The Red Shoes
Once upon a time there was little girl, pretty and dainty. But in summer
time she was obliged to go barefooted because she was poor, and in winter she
had to wear large wooden shoes, so that her little instep grew quite red. In the middle of the village lived an old shoemaker's wife; she sat down and made, as well as she could, a pair of little shoes out of some old pieces of red cloth. They were clumsy, but she meant well, for they were intended for the little girl, whose name was Karen. Karen received the shoes and wore them for the first time on the day of her mother's funeral. They were certainly not suitable for mourning; but she had no others, and so she put her bare feet into them and walked behind the humble coffin. Just then a large old carriage came by, and in it sat an old lady; she looked at the little girl, and taking pity on her, said to the clergyman, "Look here, if you will give me the little girl, I will take care of her." Karen believed that this was all on account of the red shoes, but the old lady thought them hideous, and so they were burnt. Karen herself was dressed very neatly and cleanly; she was taught to read and to sew, and people said that she was pretty. But the mirror told her, "You are more than pretty - you are beautiful." One day the Queen was travelling through that part of the country, and had her little daughter, who was a princess, with her. All the people, amongst them Karen too, streamed towards the castle, where the little princess, in fine white clothes, stood before the window and allowed herself to be stared at. She wore neither a train nor a golden crown, but beautiful red morocco shoes; they were indeed much finer than those which the shoemaker's wife had sewn for little Karen. There is really nothing in the world that can be compared to red shoes! Karen was now old enough to be confirmed; she received some new clothes, and she was also to have some new shoes. The rich shoemaker in the town took the measure of her little foot in his own room, in which there stood great glass cases full of pretty shoes and white slippers. It all looked very lovely, but the old lady could not see very well, and therefore did not get much pleasure out of it. Amongst the shoes stood a pair of red ones, like those which the princess had worn. How beautiful they were! and the shoemaker said that they had been made for a count's daughter, but that they had not fitted her. "I suppose they are of shiny leather?" asked the old lady. "They shine so." "Yes, they do shine," said Karen. They fitted her, and were bought. But the old lady knew nothing of their being red, for she would never have allowed Karen to be confirmed in red shoes, as she was now to be. Everybody looked at her feet, and the whole of the way from the church door to the choir it seemed to her as if even the ancient figures on the monuments, in their stiff collars and long black robes, had their eyes fixed on her red shoes. It was only of these that she thought when the clergyman laid his hand upon her head and spoke of the holy baptism, of the covenant with God, and told her that she was now to be a grown-up Christian. The organ pealed forth solemnly, and the sweet children's voices mingled with that of their old leader; but Karen thought only of her red shoes. In the afternoon the old lady heard from everybody that Karen had worn red shoes. She said that it was a shocking thing to do, that it was very improper, and that Karen was always to go to church in future in black shoes, even if they were old. On the following Sunday there was Communion. Karen looked first at the black shoes, then at the red ones - looked at the red ones again, and put them on. The sun was shining gloriously, so Karen and the old lady went along the footpath through the corn, where it was rather dusty. At the church door stood an old crippled soldier leaning on a crutch; he had a wonderfully long beard, more red than white, and he bowed down to the ground and asked the old lady whether he might wipe her shoes. Then Karen put out her little foot too. "Dear me, what pretty dancing-shoes!" said the soldier. "Sit fast, when you dance," said he, addressing the shoes, and slapping the soles with his hand. The old lady gave the soldier some money and then went with Karen into the church. And all the people inside looked at Karen's red shoes, and all the figures gazed at them; when Karen knelt before the altar and put the golden goblet to her mouth, she thought only of the red shoes. It seemed to her as though they were swimming about in the goblet, and she forgot to sing the psalm, forgot to say the "Lord's Prayer." Now every one came out of church, and the old lady stepped into her carriage. But just as Karen was lifting up her foot to get in too, the old soldier said: "Dear me, what pretty dancing shoes!" and Karen could not help it, she was obliged to dance a few steps; and when she had once begun, her legs continued to dance. It seemed as if the shoes had got power over them. She danced round the church corner, for she could not stop; the coachman had to run after her and seize her. He lifted her into the carriage, but her feet continued to dance, so that she kicked the good old lady violently. At last they took off her shoes, and her legs were at rest. At home the shoes were put into the cupboard, but Karen could not help looking at them. Now the old lady fell ill, and it was said that she would not rise from her bed again. She had to be nursed and waited upon, and this was no one's duty more than Karen's. But there was a grand ball in the town, and Karen was invited. She looked at the red shoes, saying to herself that there was no sin in doing that; she put the red shoes on, thinking there was no harm in that either; and then she went to the ball; and commenced to dance. But when she wanted to go to the right, the shoes danced to the left, and when she wanted to dance up the room, the shoes danced down the room, down the stairs through the street, and out through the gates of the town. She danced, and was obliged to dance, far out into the dark wood. Suddenly something shone up among the trees, and she believed it was the moon, for it was a face. But it was the old soldier with the red beard; he sat there nodding his head and said: "Dear me, what pretty dancing shoes!" She was frightened, and wanted to throw the red shoes away; but they stuck fast. She tore off her stockings, but the shoes had grown fast to her feet. She danced and was obliged to go on dancing over field and meadow, in rain and sunshine, by night and by day - but by night it was most horrible. She danced out into the open churchyard; but the dead there did not dance. They had something better to do than that. She wanted to sit down on the pauper's grave where the bitter fern grows; but for her there was neither peace nor rest. And as she danced past the open church door she saw an angel there in long white robes, with wings reaching from his shoulders down to the earth; his face was stern and grave, and in his hand he held a broad shining sword. "Dance you shall," said he, "dance in your red shoes till you are pale and cold, till your skin shrivels up and you are a skeleton! Dance you shall, from door to door, and where proud and wicked children live you shall knock, so that they may hear you and fear you! Dance you shall, dance!" "Mercy!" cried Karen. But she did not hear what the angel answered, for the shoes carried her through the gate into the fields, along highways and byways, and unceasingly she had to dance. One morning she danced past a door that she knew well; they were singing a psalm inside, and a coffin was being carried out covered with flowers. Then she knew that she was forsaken by every one and damned by the angel of God. She danced, and was obliged to go on dancing through the dark night. The shoes bore her away over thorns and stumps till she was all torn and bleeding; she danced away over the heath to a lonely little house. Here, she knew, lived the executioner; and she tapped with her finger at the window and said: "Come out, come out! I cannot come in, for I must dance." And the executioner said: "I don't suppose you know who I am. I strike off the heads of the wicked, and I notice that my axe is tingling to do so." "Don't cut off my head!" said Karen, "for then I could not repent of my sin. But cut off my feet with the red shoes." And then she confessed all her sin, and the executioner struck off her feet with the red shoes; but the shoes danced away with the little feet across the field into the deep forest. And he carved her a pair of wooden feet and some crutches, and taught her a psalm which is always sung by sinners; she kissed the hand that guided the axe, and went away over the heath. "Now, I have suffered enough for the red shoes," she said; "I will go to church, so that people can see me." And she went quickly up to the church-door; but when she came there, the red shoes were dancing before her, and she was frightened, and turned back. During the whole week she was sad and wept many bitter tears, but when Sunday came again she said: "Now I have suffered and striven enough. I believe I am quite as good as many of those who sit in church and give themselves airs." And so she went boldly on; but she had not got farther than the churchyard gate when she saw the red shoes dancing along before her. Then she became terrified, and turned back and repented right heartily of her sin. She went to the parsonage, and begged that she might be taken into service there. She would be industrious, she said, and do everything that she could; she did not mind about the wages as long as she had a roof over her, and was with good people. The pastor's wife had pity on her, and took her into service. And she was industrious and thoughtful. She sat quiet and listened when the pastor read aloud from the Bible in the evening. All the children liked her very much, but when they spoke about dress and grandeur and beauty she would shake her head. On the following Sunday they all went to church, and she was asked whether she wished to go too; but, with tears in her eyes, she looked sadly at her crutches. And then the others went to hear God's Word, but she went alone into her little room; this was only large enough to hold the bed and a chair. Here she sat down with her hymn-book, and as she was reading it with a pious mind, the wind carried the notes of the organ over to her from the church, and in tears she lifted up her face and said: "O God! help me!" Then the sun shone so brightly, and right before her stood an angel of God in white robes; it was the same one whom she had seen that night at the church-door. He no longer carried the sharp sword, but a beautiful green branch, full of roses; with this he touched the ceiling, which rose up very high, and where he had touched it there shone a golden star. He touched the walls, which opened wide apart, and she saw the organ which was pealing forth; she saw the pictures of the old pastors and their wives, and the congregation sitting in the polished chairs and singing from their hymn-books. The church itself had come to the poor girl in her narrow room, or the room had gone to the church. She sat in the pew with the rest of the pastor's household, and when they had finished the hymn and looked up, they nodded and said, "It was right of you to come, Karen."
The organ played and the children's voices in the choir sounded soft and lovely. The bright warm sunshine streamed through the window into the pew where Karen sat, and her heart became so filled with it, so filled with peace and joy, that it broke. Her soul flew on the sunbeams to Heaven, and no one was there who asked after the Red Shoes |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar